Like a Feather Bringing Kingdoms to Their Knees. free essay sample

This line from a tune I heard in Breaking Dawn Part 1 advanced toward the Google search bar and Just then I recognized what the title of such an exquisite piece Is. Gracious, all the feels! Isnt it all the more satisfying to hear a customary gooey line with all the Images, and interesting expressions in it? I wish to post just my preferred lines In the tune, yet then as I read through it, each word matters: Sleeping At Last Ive held up a hundred years. Be that as it may, Id Walt a million more for you. Nothing readied me forWhat the benefit of being yours would do. In the event that I had just felt the glow inside your touch, If I had possibly perceived how you grin when you become flushed, Or how you twist your lip when you concentrate enough, I would have recognized what I was living for from the start. What Ive been living for. We will compose a custom paper test on Like a Feather Bringing Kingdoms to Their Knees. or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Your affection is my turning page, Where just the best words remain. Each kiss is a cursive line, Every touch is a reclassifying expression. I give up who Ive been for what your identity is, For nothing makes me more grounded than your delicate heart.If I had just felt how it feels to be yours, Well, I would have realized what Ive been living for from the start. What Ive been living for. In spite of the fact that were fastened to the story we should tell, When I saw you, well, I knew marry disclose to It well. With a murmur, we will tame the awful oceans. Like a quill pushing realms to the edge of total collapse. Presently, the kiss being contrasted with a cursive line How Is a peruser expected to feel? All things considered, as we could Imagine, a cursive Is made out of strokes and twists and each descriptive word that presents to you this unexplainable light feeling.Mm-stitch? At this moment I could Imagine how the speakers world eases back down as his lips contacts the others and all the feelings are being suspended in that exact second. Feeling of fervor. Given that each touch implies another definition, the line appears to me as a firecracker show which carries me to stunningness with each shading that would fill the sky. The last two lines of the tune are absolutely not the least! I love the wonderful way the words murmur, tame, and horrendous are placed in one sentence.The differentiate enlightens the force that the speakers vigor brings. Also, the last line Its still very muddled to me how the realms should mean. Be that as it may, rather than this line giving me a definition, it is fairly giving me a sentiment of quietness. The quills, despite the fact that the shading isn't indicated, depicts a picture of weightlessness Free from loads. Perceive how these little words, having their own unmistakable flavors, when assembled produces a totally different emotional taste. Verse is simply astounding that way.

Marketing has developed tremendously with the evolution of technology

Promoting has grown massively with the development of innovation Promoting has grown massively with the development of innovation. The web, which is proceeding to develop quickly, is one of the most significant innovations that have influenced showcasing. It has devastated all limits, for example, time and separation. Makers would now be able to associate with clients with no limitations. Both Ryan and Jones (2011) and Brennan and Schafer (2010) talked about how portability influences showcasing and that it is a lot simpler to promote since you can arrive at anybody, whenever, anyplace. Day and Bens (2005) expressed that it additionally gave an open door for little provincial organizations to get to greater markets and contend globally. The web opens clients to these different markets, which allows them to browse a more extensive scope of items so they would discover precisely what they are searching for. Another positive effect of innovation on promoting is that it permits organizations to store data about every client so as to comprehend them al l the more completely utilizing past social information. Getting input from clients has another significant job in promoting. Knowing the shortcomings and qualities of their item would be amazingly helpful in the event that they got criticism from clients in a split second. In the event that there were any lacks or characteristics in the item which clients were whining about, the makers could discover arrangements or upgrade their item as quickly as time permits so it doesn't bring about a misfortune in deals. Then again accepting positive criticism and knowing the qualities of their item tells them what to concentrate on in assembling the following item or what to concentrate on in promoting for this item. Other than that, it is progressively helpful for buyers to do their shopping on the web since online stores have no end hours. Today, with the presentation of innovation the method of advertising changes. The most significant innovation which change the method of doing promoting is web. Presently a day's web is all over. Web wipes out all the hindrances of speaking with individuals and furthermore kills separation limits. Presently it's simple for organizations to speak with their clients with no restrictions and obstructions. As indicated by Ryan and Jones (2011) and Brennan and Schafer (2010) Publicizing has developed enormously with the headway of advancement. The web, which is continuing to grow rapidly, is a champion among the most basic advances that have affected advancing. It has crushed all cutoff points, for instance, time and division. Makers would now have the option to connect with customers without any goals. Both Ryan and Jones (2011) and Brennan and Schafer (2010) discussed how versatility impacts advancing and that it is fundamentally less requesting to plug since you can accomplish anyone, at whatever point, wherever. Day and Bens (2005) communicated that it also gave an open entryway for minimal nearby associations to get to more noteworthy markets and battle all around. The web opens customers to these various markets, which permits them to peruse a progressively broad extent of things so they would find accurately what they are scanning for. Another beneficial outcome of advancement on advancing is that it empowers associations to store information abou t each customer remembering the ultimate objective to appreciate them even more totally using past social data. Getting contribution from customers has another basic part in displaying. Knowing the inadequacies and characteristics of their thing would be by and large supportive in case they got contribution from customers in a brief instant. In case there were any inadequacies or characteristics in the thing which customers were crying about, the creators could find courses of action or improve their thing at the soonest opportunity so it doesn't realize an adversity in bargains. On the other hand tolerating positive analysis and knowing the characteristics of their thing mentions to them what to base on in amassing the accompanying thing or what to base on in publicizing for this thing. Other than that, it is increasingly useful for clients to do their shopping on the web since online stores have no closure hours.

Crossing the Line essays

Going too far articles What makes contention? Contention is caused when a thought or an idea negates the customary accepted practices. In any case, without thoughts, we would not be the place we are today. Craftsmanship has seen so much transformation that looking at old style workmanship and contemporary workmanship one sees radical contrasts. In this way development and diversion has gotten practically compulsory to keep up expressions ease. Disputable craftsmanship is just a phrasing for unique and imaginative reasoning. Workmanship isn't a wrongdoing. Workmanship should go too far. It exists to incite thought and debate. From the beginning of time, when society was traditionalist, among the first to be assaulted are imaginative organizations. Writing, music, workmanship, cries of, erotic entertainment, qualities, and taste. Without these perspectives then craftsmanship would be dull. Dubious craftsman standing out as truly newsworthy is, Chris Cooper, otherwise called, Coop. Coop is most likely most popular to America as the craftsman liable for a humiliating work of art of a couple of bare ladies, spoke to as female fiends taking part in realistic, unequivocal lesbian sex. The canvas including bodily delights between two ladies turned into the front of the ongoing Lords of Acid collection, Voodoo-U. The canvas had additionally caused a national discussion including sex entertainment and craftsmanship. Coop's specialty, particularly through his subject of a sexual lady as a fiend, is sexist clarifying that such striking considerations of sexuality couldn't run over a womans mind. This created a lot of scene in the moderate and oblivious societys as it tested each part of tolerable human culture. Coop steps a similar turf as Manet did in, The Olympia, and Duchamp did with, Le Voyeur, artistic creations that in their time blended contention to the edits too, and motivated discussions that have constrained untold millions to scrutinize their convictions, and the general public that instructed them. Because of dubious craftsmen like Coop, Manet and Duchamp the discussion concerning sex entertainment and workmanship will proceed, a... <!

Chinas Reform and Opening-Up Policy Essay Example for Free

Chinas Reform and Opening-Up Policy Essay Deng Xiaoping according to all the Chinese individuals are exceptionally acquainted with, in light of the fact that he proposed the change and opening up strategy, China has experienced huge changes, China not just in the monetary, political, social, social and different fields, different perspectives have gained extraordinary ground. I will separate my discourse into three sections, the initial segment of the economy, the essential phase of communism, the fundamental financial framework has been built up. Modify and improve the proprietorship structure, changes in the possession structure of open proprietorship as the principle body, and an assortment of types of possession build up the fundamental financial framework. The change of state-possessed undertakings gained ​significant ground. 30 years as the focal connection of the monetary change, the administration framework and activity system change of state-possessed ventures kept on developing. A large portion of the rebuilding of state-possessed ventures as assorted investors corporate endeavors, state-claimed economy and basic alteration advances, enormously invigorate the essentialness of undertakings, upgrade the control and impact of the state-possessed economy. The new full scale control framework step by step idealized. Break the conventional exceptionally incorporated arranging and the board framework, and continuously build up a large scale control framework to adjust to the necessities of the communist market economy, the change of government capacities, arranging, venture, money and tax collection, fund, remote trade, the value framework change has accomplished noteworthy advancement in the arrangement of national arranging and financial , fiscal strategy and the coordination of full scale control framework. The subsequent part, asset designation, salary appropriation framework is experiencing a crucial change. Built up conveyance as per work is predominant and an assortment of methods of circulation exist together appropriation framework, the foundation of the creation elements of work, capital, innovation and the executives arrangement of dispersion as indicated by commitment. Accentuation on the treatment of the connection between the underlying dispersion and redistribution in the effectiveness and decency, give full play to the excitement. The third part, standardized savings, government disability arrangement of Chinese qualities essentially shaped. Building up and ceaselessly improving the urban essential mature age protection framework, the arrangement of the urban and rustic fundamental clinical protection framework, and continually improve the joblessness protection, modern injury protection and maternity protection framework, for the most part set up least living security framework for urban and country occupants, and step by step improve the social help framework.

Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays

Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper A combination is a blend of metals, which may have extraordinary and improved characteristics from metal components, which make it. The level of components in a combination can be custom fitted to the application or reason it is being made for. Typically a combination is made of one metal (the base metal) with limited quantities of different metals included. Different metals supplant the situation of the base metal in its structure. Extraction of Metals A component or a compound in nature inside the earths outside is known as a mineral. They have a level of metal which can be extricated. This is known as a metal. The most widely recognized metal minerals are oxides and sulfides. Sulfides are the most established metals. Oxides are shaped when photosynthesis in plants discharge oxygen into the air. Metal minerals are an unending asset and once they are utilized, they are no more. Reusing helps this. For the most part 50% of all metal is reused through piece metal offices. The Reactivity Series (See reference section chart 1) A metal that is under carbon in the Reactivity Series (zinc to silver) can be extricated from its metal by warming with carbon. Carbon is utilized as it is effectively accessible and its modest (coke and charcoal are both carbon). The metal is then diminished by the carbon. Hydrogen might be utilized to lessen different metals which are lower than it on the Reactivity Series. It is more costly than carbon. It is just utilized for the extraction of tungsten. Gold and platinum are found normally as components and don't should be diminished. Silver and copper are likewise normally found. Extraction of Metals and Alloying Metal minerals are found in the earth. They are rocks containing mineral or metal mixes or metals themselves and should be extricated or expelled from the stones and the ground. To extricate a metal from its minerals you have to know its reactivity. The procedure includes a compound response where the metal is isolated from different components in the mineral. History of Metal Extraction Metals have been utilized by individuals for a large number of years. Gold and silver found in nature, were utilized for gems to show how well off individuals were. These two metals are too delicate to be in any way utilized as instruments. The principal valuable metal found was bronze (the Bronze Age). Bronze was utilized a great deal for apparatuses and weapons in Asia and Africa from 4500 B.C. furthermore, in Britain from 2000 B.C. Bronze isn't a component however a composite of copper and tin. Metals of copper and tin can be diminished by warming with carbon. This would have occurred as individuals lit wood fires in a spot where tin and copper mineral were. The consumed wood would have made the minerals (copper and tin) into bronze. After the Bronze Age, coal fires were utilized to create enough temperature for the extraction of iron (henceforth the Iron Age) The Iron Age started in Asia and Africa in 1100 B.C and in Britain in 500 B.C. Metals above carbon in the reactivity arrangement must be extricated by electrolysis. With the disclosure of power in the nineteenth century, this permitted the extraction of progressively receptive metals. Aluminum has been removed since around 1870. (a long time since they discovered iron and 6000 years since they discovered bronze). Extraction of Aluminum Aluminum is the third generally copious (ample) component in the Earths covering. It is increasingly plentiful and the more costly to create contrasted and iron. This is on the grounds that it takes a great deal of power for the extraction procedure of electrolysis to occur. Around half of aluminum utilized is reused. It takes less vitality to reuse aluminuim than to remove it from its mineral. Taking care of expenses of aluminuim in the reusing procedure adds to this. Aluminum is high in the Reactivity Series and is impervious to consumption as a slight layer of aluminum oxide on its surface shields it from eroding. Aluminuim has the metal called bauxite. Bauxite has aluminum oxide, water, iron and different things. The purged metal is called alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina should be fluid or liquid before the extraction technique for electrolysis can occur. Alumina has a high dissolving point, so electrolysis is impossible at this temperature. Alumina can break up in cryolite, which causes it to have a lower liquefying point so electrolysis should be possible at about 950oC. The principle combination of aluminum is Duralumin. Aluminuim is likewise utilized in titanium amalgams. Duralumin is a composite of aluminuim (94%), copper (4%) and magnesium (1%). There may likewise be little amounts of manganese and silicon in the combination. Duralumin is a low thickness amalgam that has a more noteworthy solidarity to weight proportion than aluminum. Duralumin is utilized for airplane development. Properties and Uses of Aluminuim Aluminum is solid and has a low thickness. It is additionally impervious to consumption and can be handily bowed into any shape. Aluminum is a decent channel of warmth and power. It tends to be cleaned to accomplish an exceptionally intelligent surface. Aluminuim can be utilized for making airplane, lightweight vehicles, and stepping stools since it has a low thickness and it is solid. A composite of aluminum, called Duralumin is utilized rather than unadulterated aluminum in view of its improved properties. Aluminum, as it is anything but difficult to shape and consumption opposition, is a decent material for making drink jars and material. Its likewise utilized for nurseries and window outlines due to its low thickness and protection from rust. Aluminum is a decent conductor of warmth, so it tends to be utilized for boilers, cookers and cookware. As it is a decent transmitter of power, it is utilized for power links and wire. Aluminum is profoundly intelligent so its utilized in mirrors, reflectors and warmth safe garments for firemen to utilize. Separating Aluminum (See supplement graph 2) A steel holder is covered with carbon this is the negative terminal Electrolysis presently starts. As aluminum is denser than the alumina and cryolite, it tumbles to the base where it is tapped off as unadulterated fluid metal. Oxygen is expelled from the positive carbon cathodes. Oxygen responds with the carbon to frame make carbon dioxide. Extraction of Iron Iron is separated from its metal in a Blast Furnace. The mineral is called Haematite. This is iron oxide. The iron metal has pollutions in it, typically silica. Limestone is added to the iron mineral which responds with the silica which structures liquid calcium silicate in the impact heater. The calcium silicate glides on the fluid iron. Iron is low in the Reactivity Series, so iron metal is diminished into iron metal by warming with coke. How the Blast Furnace Works (See reference section Diagram 3) Tourist is impacted into the Blast Furnace which makes the carbon or coke to light. The temperature is about 2000oC. Carbon dioxide responds with the carbon and makes carbon monoxide. This diminishes iron in the mineral into iron metal. Iron at that point drops to the base as fluid iron and is tapped off varying. Properties and Uses of Iron Iron is an attractive metal. Iron from a Blast Furnace contains around 5% carbon which originates from the coke in the heater. It is placed into molds called pigs, and the iron is then called cast iron or pig iron. It is weak and breaks effectively, yet it has a decent protection from erosion contrasted with unadulterated iron or steel. Cast iron is utilized for sewer vent covers and for motor squares for petroleum and diesel motors. Carbon is expelled from liquid cast iron by gurgling air through it. The air responds with the carbon before it responds with the iron since its increasingly receptive (the carbon). Unadulterated iron with the carbon evacuated is called fashioned iron. This metal is handily formed and is utilized for fancy metal work like doors. The iron in the Blast Furnace is made into steel for use in development. Amalgams containing Iron The iron amalgams are steel, manganese steel and treated steel. Steel is an installation of iron and carbon. The level of carbon may change from 0.1% to 1.5% giving prepares various properties. Steel is reasonable and solid and handily formed. It very well may be utilized on the development of extensions, structures, boats and vehicles. The greater part of the steel is reused. Steel will require a defensive coat, similar to paint or it will rust. Rusting inverts the procedure that occurs in a Blast Furnace. Manganese steel is a compound of iron. Its iron (84%) and manganese (15%) and carbon (1%). It is exceptionally hard and is utilized for railroad focuses and digging hardware. Tempered steel is an amalgam of iron. It is iron (80%) and chromium (15%), nickel (4%) and carbon (1%). Tempered steel is solid, hard and opposes consumption. It is utilized in cookware, cutlery and mechanical compound plants. Consumption of Iron and Steel At the point when iron is presented to air it will come back to its oxide. This is called rusting or consuming. This procedure needs both oxygen and water, salt or corrosive will make eroding quicker. You can forestall rust by covering the surface so the air doesnt come into contact with it. It can likewise be secured by an increasingly receptive metal (See the Reactivity Series in the informative supplement chart 1). Iron and steel are generally ensured by paint, plastic covering or metal plating. Zinc plating is called electrifying. Chromium plating is utilized for haggles of vehicles to give a cleaned surface. Conciliatory assurance is utilized for ships, submerged pipelines and oil rigs. Extraction of Copper Copper is now and then found as a local metal. Copper metal can be diminished by making it respond with carbon. The most widely recognized route is by warming copper sulfide mineral which separates. The sullied copper that outcomes is called rankle copper. Around half of all copper is reused every year. Unadulterated copper is required for acceptable electrical conductivity. Unadulterated copper is produced using the extraction strategy for electrolysis. Extraction of Copper Purification (see addendum outline 4) The tainted copper, when power is gotten through the cell, copper breaks down at the anode into arrangement. Copper structures at the cathode by decrease. Copper particles move from the anode to the cathode. The anode gets littler and the cathode gets bigge

Onto the next world!

Onto the next world! In this past semester, the definition of home changed a lot for me. Today, I hung out with some friends from high school. We all noticed that we mellowed a lot over the course of college. I like this Cami, my friend had said earlier tonight. You seem happier. I am. Words cannot describe how much happier Ive been since Ive come to college.  I learned so much about myself, the world around me, and others throughout those past four months. Coming home for the first time after this whirlwind of a semester has left me somewhat stupefied, like a rollercoaster suddenly breaking down in the middle of the loopty loop or like my legs just seized up during my sprint. Ive spent this past semester doing so much and learning so muchonly to return to a house that does not feel like a home. Perhaps its a bit of an overexaggeration, but it seems that this is a commonly shared feeling among a lot of the students here at MIT, and maybe even just students in general. This was a confession posted recently on the page that really resonated with me. I felt it a little bit when I went home during Thanksgiving, but it truly hit me like a truck the moment I came back to California for winter break. Its strange to think that Ive come so far, that a personality could change so much in the time that Ive been here at MIT. And change, of course, isnt bad. I think Ive made a lot of steps in the right direction and Im really proud of where I am. And Ive tried to type this sentence out again and again but the words cant come out right and I dont know how else to describe it so please bear with me. Being back home makes me feel small. Being back home has made me realize that the person I am now is the person Ive always wanted to be. Ive always wanted to be loud and rambunctious and drastically open about everything and anything. Ive always wanted to pursue this strange junction of media and STEM, always wanted to bake and watch weird movies and dance like an idiot and play video games unabashedly. This is the person I was  meant to be. And MIT gave me that chance to explore these parts of myself I never felt comfortable being so loudly. And being back home makes me feel like I have to quiet all of that again. I spent a lot of my high school life trying to act tough a dont fuck with me or I fuck with you kind of attitude. Dont trust anyone cause theyll just backstab you mentality. Everyone is fake and theyre against you. But, in reality, Im incredibly soft. I gush about my friends constantly, have the utmost admiration for everything they are and everything they will be. Im amazed at nearly every single person at MIT, but there are moments where I go back into that weird, defensive shell. Ill make offhanded comments about people because I dont trust them, not because they did  something, but because I  think  theyll do something. Its strange having to reprogram all of that, and in these past four months, I think Ive made progress in terms of learning to trust people and see the good in people and just allow myself to be as affectionate and as soft as Ive always wanted to be. But Im afraid that being back home will ruin all that for me, that Ill revert into the person that I was rather than the person I am now and the person I want to be. I was talking to the 24s and some of them voiced some concerns that there wouldnt be a place for them at MIT. And while I know its virtually impossible that MIT is the right fit for everyone, there was something so undeniable at MIT, something that just screamed home. It wasnt immediate, no, not at all. And it doesnt have to be. For some people it takes minutes, others it takes days, maybe even weeks. I still remember the moment it hit me. I was sitting at my desk in my room and Emma, Aidan, and Raymond were sat on my floor, eating Annas they had bought earlier in the night. And we were talking about how we havent seen each other in so long and that it was absolutely insane that we still kept in contact even after CPW. We talked and talked and talked and I think Mariia might have come in at one point and she felt kind of awkward cause she didnt really know these people and hell, I didnt really know her. But there was something very good about this moment. This moment seemed to tell me that these are the people that will keep me safe and help me grow and that there will be more people like this here. And I knew I was where I belonged and I knew I could say and do and be whatever I wanted. Since Ive been back, Ive been telling my mom I want to go home to which she responds But you are. And I shake my head and smile a bit warily because I know she probably wont take this well, but I simply repeat again No, I want to go home. And she knows what I mean. I love my childhood home. Ive grown up in the same house for the past seventeen years, how could I not? There are an incredible amount of memories in this house stored in every floorboard, in every magnet on the fridge, in every stupid little souvenir. Hell, my bookshelf is full of items that arent even usable anymore like broken flashlights and cracked Easter egg shells, but I still keep them anyway because I like the memories tied to them. It isnt that the house doesnt feel like home anymore, its that California doesnt feel like home. I feel like, for the time being, Ive exhausted all that California can offer me right now. I dont know how to explain this without making a stupid video game metaphor so Im going to make the stupid video game metaphor. California feels like the first world of many on this long, long journey. Ive completed every main quest, done as many sidequests as I feel like doing, and now, I really just want to go to Cambridge, the next level. There, theres a whole new world waiting for me that I just cant wait to explore. Perhaps one day California will feel like home again. Maybe in the future itll release some DLC and then Ill have new things to learn and gain from it. Dont get me wrong, its nice to visit. I love seeing my high school friends again and my teachers and eating some actual good fucking food. But at the same time, MIT has stolen my heart for these next four to five years and I will continue to quest on with my trusty squadron of seven great knights and together we will tackle whatever adventures MIT throws at us. Metaphors aside, MIT has very quickly redefined what home is to me in such a short amount of time. When I think of home, I no longer envision sandy beaches and traffic jams and private school uniforms. Instead, I see late nights in Loop lounge, Stud5 study sessions, Random basement shenanigans, and my seven best friends standing by my side. MIT is home. And I know I said it before, but I think it really, really is now.

Organizational Design and Structure - Free Essay Example

ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE An organization is a pattern of relationships-many interwoven, simultaneous relationships- through which people, under the direction of managers, pursue their common goals. These goals are the products of the decision making processes. The goals that managers develop through planning are typically ambitious, far-reaching, and open-ended. Managers want to ensure that their organizations can endure for a long time. Members of an organization need a stable, understandable framework within which they can work together toward organizational goals. The managerial process of organizing involves making decisions about creating this kind of framework so that organizations can last from the present well into the future. Managers must take into account two kinds of factors when they organize. First, they must outline their goals for the organization, their strategic plans for pursuing those goals, and the capabilities at their organizations for carrying out those strategic plans.   Secondly, simultaneously, managers must consider what is going on now, and what is likely to happen in the future, in the organizational environment. At the intersection of those two sets of factors plans and environments- managers make decisions that match goals, strategic plans, and capabilities with environmental factors. This crucial first step in organizing, which logically follows from planning, is the process of organizational design. The specific pattern of relationships that managers create in this process is called the organizational structure. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Is a framework that managers devise for dividing and coordinating the activities of members of an organization? Because strategies and environmental circumstances differ from one organization to the next, there are a variety of possible organizational structures. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES Organizational structure refers to the way in which an organ ization’s activities are divided, grouped, and coordinated into relationships between managers and employees, managers and managers, and employees and employees. An organization’s departments can be formally structured in three major ways:   By Function   By Product/Market   Matrix Form   FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Organization by function brings together in one department everyone engaged in one activity or several related activities that are called functions. For example, an organization divided by function might have separate manufacturing, marketing, and sales departments. A sales manager in such an organization would be responsible for the sale of all products manufactured by the firm. Advantages: Functional organization is perhaps the most logical and basic from of departmentalization.. It is used mainly by smaller firms that offer a limited line of products because it. Makes efficient use of specialized resources.   It makes supervision e asier, since each manager must be expert in only a narrow range of skills. In addition.   A functional structure makes it easier to mobilize specialize skills and bring them to bear where they are most needed. Disadvantages: As an organization grows, either by expanding geographically or by broadening its product line, some of the disadvantages of the functional structure begin to surface. Because   Functional managers have to report to central headquarters; it can be difficult to get quick decisions. It is often harder to determine accountability and judge performance in a functional structure. If a new product fails, who is to blame-research and development, production, or marketing?   Finally, coordinating the functions of members of the entire organization may become a problem for top managers. Because members of each department may feel isolated from (or superior to) those in other departments. They may have difficulty working with others in a unified way to achieve the o rganization’s goals. For example, the manufacturing department may concentrate on meeting cost standards and delivery dates and neglect quality control. As a result, the service department may be flooded with complaints. In short, a functional structure can be a difficult setting in which managers must coordinate employees’ activities.   PRODUCT/MARKET ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Product or market organization, often referred to as organization by division, brings together in one work unit all those involved in the production and marketing of a product or a related group of products, all those in a certain geographic area, or all those dealing with a certain type of customer. Most large, multi product companies, such as General Motors, have a product or market organization structure. At some point in an organization’s existence, sheer size and diversity of products make functional departments too unwieldy. When a company’s depart metallization becomes too complex for coordinating the functional structure, top management will generally create semiautonomous division. In each division, management and employees design, produce, and market their own products. Unlike a functional department a division resembles a separate business. The division head focuses primarily on the operations of his or her division, is accountable for profit or loss, and may even compete with other units of the same firm. But a division is unlike a separate business in one crucial aspect: the division manager must still report to central headquarters. A product/market organization can follow one of three patterns   Most obvious is division by product   Division by geography is generally used by service, financial, and other non-manufacturing firms as well as by mining and oil-producing companies. Geographic organization is logical when a plant must be located as close as possible to sources of raw materials, to major markets, or to specialized perso nnel.   In division by customer, the organization is divided according to the different ways customers use products. Advantages: Organization by division (Product/Market) has several advantages. Because all the activities, skills, and expertise requisites to produce and market particular products are grouped in one place under a single head, a whole job can more easily be coordinated. High work performance maintained.   In addition, both the quality and the speed of decision making are enhanced because decisions made at the divisional level are closer to the scene of the scene of action. At the same time.   The burden on central management is eased because divisional managers have greater latitude to act. Perhaps most important, accountability is clear. The performance of divisional management can be measured in terms of the division’s profit or loss. Disadvantages: The divisional structure does have some disadvantages, however.   The interests of the division may be placed ahead of the goals for the total organization. For example, because they are vulnerable to profit and loss performance reviews, division heads may take short-term gains at the expense of long-range profitability. In addition, administrative expenses increase because each division has its own staff members and specialists, leading to costly duplication of skills. MATRIX ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE/MULTIPLE COMMAND SYSTEM The matrix structure, sometime referred to as a â€Å"multiple command system,† is a hybrid that attempts to combine the benefits of both types of designs while avoiding their drawbacks. An organization with a matrix structure has two types of structure existing simultaneously. Employees have in effect two bosses-that is, they work in two chains of command. One chain of command is functional or divisional. The second is a horizontal overlay that combines people from various divisions or functional department into a roject or business team led by a proj ect or group manager who is an expert in the team’s assigned area of specialization. Advantages/Disadvantages THE FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE   Formal organizational Structure   Informal organizational Structure   Formal organizational Structure Organization charts are useful for showing the formal organizational structure and who is responsible for certain tasks. In reality, though, the organization chart cannot begin to capture the interpersonal that make up the informal organizational structure.   Informal organizational Structure Herbert A. Simon has described this as â€Å"the in interpersonal relationships in the organization that affect decisions within it but either are omitted from the formal scheme or are not consistent with it. For example, during a busy period, one employee may turn to another for help rather than going through a manager. Or an employee in sales may establish a working relationship with an employee in production, who can provide information about product availability faster than the formal reporting system.