Organizational Design and Structure - Free Essay Example

ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE An organization is a pattern of relationships-many interwoven, simultaneous relationships- through which people, under the direction of managers, pursue their common goals. These goals are the products of the decision making processes. The goals that managers develop through planning are typically ambitious, far-reaching, and open-ended. Managers want to ensure that their organizations can endure for a long time. Members of an organization need a stable, understandable framework within which they can work together toward organizational goals. The managerial process of organizing involves making decisions about creating this kind of framework so that organizations can last from the present well into the future. Managers must take into account two kinds of factors when they organize. First, they must outline their goals for the organization, their strategic plans for pursuing those goals, and the capabilities at their organizations for carrying out those strategic plans.   Secondly, simultaneously, managers must consider what is going on now, and what is likely to happen in the future, in the organizational environment. At the intersection of those two sets of factors plans and environments- managers make decisions that match goals, strategic plans, and capabilities with environmental factors. This crucial first step in organizing, which logically follows from planning, is the process of organizational design. The specific pattern of relationships that managers create in this process is called the organizational structure. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Is a framework that managers devise for dividing and coordinating the activities of members of an organization? Because strategies and environmental circumstances differ from one organization to the next, there are a variety of possible organizational structures. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES Organizational structure refers to the way in which an organ ization’s activities are divided, grouped, and coordinated into relationships between managers and employees, managers and managers, and employees and employees. An organization’s departments can be formally structured in three major ways:   By Function   By Product/Market   Matrix Form   FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Organization by function brings together in one department everyone engaged in one activity or several related activities that are called functions. For example, an organization divided by function might have separate manufacturing, marketing, and sales departments. A sales manager in such an organization would be responsible for the sale of all products manufactured by the firm. Advantages: Functional organization is perhaps the most logical and basic from of departmentalization.. It is used mainly by smaller firms that offer a limited line of products because it. Makes efficient use of specialized resources.   It makes supervision e asier, since each manager must be expert in only a narrow range of skills. In addition.   A functional structure makes it easier to mobilize specialize skills and bring them to bear where they are most needed. Disadvantages: As an organization grows, either by expanding geographically or by broadening its product line, some of the disadvantages of the functional structure begin to surface. Because   Functional managers have to report to central headquarters; it can be difficult to get quick decisions. It is often harder to determine accountability and judge performance in a functional structure. If a new product fails, who is to blame-research and development, production, or marketing?   Finally, coordinating the functions of members of the entire organization may become a problem for top managers. Because members of each department may feel isolated from (or superior to) those in other departments. They may have difficulty working with others in a unified way to achieve the o rganization’s goals. For example, the manufacturing department may concentrate on meeting cost standards and delivery dates and neglect quality control. As a result, the service department may be flooded with complaints. In short, a functional structure can be a difficult setting in which managers must coordinate employees’ activities.   PRODUCT/MARKET ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Product or market organization, often referred to as organization by division, brings together in one work unit all those involved in the production and marketing of a product or a related group of products, all those in a certain geographic area, or all those dealing with a certain type of customer. Most large, multi product companies, such as General Motors, have a product or market organization structure. At some point in an organization’s existence, sheer size and diversity of products make functional departments too unwieldy. When a company’s depart metallization becomes too complex for coordinating the functional structure, top management will generally create semiautonomous division. In each division, management and employees design, produce, and market their own products. Unlike a functional department a division resembles a separate business. The division head focuses primarily on the operations of his or her division, is accountable for profit or loss, and may even compete with other units of the same firm. But a division is unlike a separate business in one crucial aspect: the division manager must still report to central headquarters. A product/market organization can follow one of three patterns   Most obvious is division by product   Division by geography is generally used by service, financial, and other non-manufacturing firms as well as by mining and oil-producing companies. Geographic organization is logical when a plant must be located as close as possible to sources of raw materials, to major markets, or to specialized perso nnel.   In division by customer, the organization is divided according to the different ways customers use products. Advantages: Organization by division (Product/Market) has several advantages. Because all the activities, skills, and expertise requisites to produce and market particular products are grouped in one place under a single head, a whole job can more easily be coordinated. High work performance maintained.   In addition, both the quality and the speed of decision making are enhanced because decisions made at the divisional level are closer to the scene of the scene of action. At the same time.   The burden on central management is eased because divisional managers have greater latitude to act. Perhaps most important, accountability is clear. The performance of divisional management can be measured in terms of the division’s profit or loss. Disadvantages: The divisional structure does have some disadvantages, however.   The interests of the division may be placed ahead of the goals for the total organization. For example, because they are vulnerable to profit and loss performance reviews, division heads may take short-term gains at the expense of long-range profitability. In addition, administrative expenses increase because each division has its own staff members and specialists, leading to costly duplication of skills. MATRIX ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE/MULTIPLE COMMAND SYSTEM The matrix structure, sometime referred to as a â€Å"multiple command system,† is a hybrid that attempts to combine the benefits of both types of designs while avoiding their drawbacks. An organization with a matrix structure has two types of structure existing simultaneously. Employees have in effect two bosses-that is, they work in two chains of command. One chain of command is functional or divisional. The second is a horizontal overlay that combines people from various divisions or functional department into a roject or business team led by a proj ect or group manager who is an expert in the team’s assigned area of specialization. Advantages/Disadvantages THE FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE   Formal organizational Structure   Informal organizational Structure   Formal organizational Structure Organization charts are useful for showing the formal organizational structure and who is responsible for certain tasks. In reality, though, the organization chart cannot begin to capture the interpersonal that make up the informal organizational structure.   Informal organizational Structure Herbert A. Simon has described this as â€Å"the in interpersonal relationships in the organization that affect decisions within it but either are omitted from the formal scheme or are not consistent with it. For example, during a busy period, one employee may turn to another for help rather than going through a manager. Or an employee in sales may establish a working relationship with an employee in production, who can provide information about product availability faster than the formal reporting system.

Hcs 535 Public Health and Healthcare - 1394 Words

Public health and health care Concepts of Population Health HCS/535 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, coordinate efforts in conjunction with states and other partnersto offer a system of health surveillance, which would monitor and prevent disease outbreaks, which includes bioterrorism. The goal of the agency is to implement strategies to prevent diseases as well as maintain national health statistics. Another role of the CDC is to safeguard against international disease transmission, this is vital as the agency has personnel located several countries outside the United States. Looking at the agency’s core functions, examining influences in the workplace, and identifying roles of the agency personnel is vital to†¦show more content†¦The rapidity of the agency is hinged on past years of targeted scientific development and experiences, with the main focus on the health of the public health. This proficiencysteers the agency in the direction which is criticalin securing the state and local public health systems (N ovick, Morrow, Mays, 2008). CDC partners with the Center for Global Health, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the Office of the Director. This combination is referred to as the Center Institute and Office (CIO). Under the direction of the CIO, the organization is now able to be more alert and effective regarding health matters. Additionally, there are five affiliated offices which are connectedto the CIO; these are the Public Health Preparedness and Response, State and Local Support, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury and Environmental Health, and Infectious Diseases. The sub-set offices are able to perform CDC’s emergency procedures in accord to their range of proficiency offering intra-agency reinforcement and reserve distribution based on concerns and health threats(Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Influence on Health Care The CDCsupports the health care system by its actions of prevention, surveillance, and communication. Through the prevention initiatives some diseases areShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing

Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species Essay - 2162 Words

Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had an ongoing trial and error experiment. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too great to be the work of chance. Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its environment given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another genus altogether, the†¦show more content†¦However there are many arguments about his thoughts. Many people do not take the theory of evolution as their choice of doctrines. Instead they believe in Creationism or a hybrid of the two in which God assisted evolution. To these people, Darwin’s theory of Natural selection and evolution is full of holes. One of the strongest arguments presented to evolutionists pertains to the formation of organs of extreme perfection and complication. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin pays particular attention to this question and gives the problem its deserving time. For the purpose of defending his theories, he sites the eye as the organ of extreme perfection. It is true that the eye is a fabulous tool. A light sensitive optic nerve sits at the back of a mechanism that man was incapable of duplicating until the early nineteenth century. A complex series of lenses bend light in such a way that it is focused onto the optic nerve, which can then, in turn, read the light and produce an image in the brain. This is a neat trick, and unfortunately for Darwin a complicated question. To look at the origin of any organ of extreme perfection Darwin found it necessary to trace the lineage of the animal (the one housing the organ) back to its formative ancestors. This is, unfortunately, quite difficult and i mprobable of success. Therefore the only approach to take in this case is to look at a different species that came from the same parent form, or as Darwin puts it, â€Å"collateralShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of Charles Darwins on the Origin of Species2172 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had a trial and error experiment ongoing. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem tooRead MoreCharles Darwins Radical New Book On The Origin Of Species1424 Words   |  6 Pages The coalescence of the publication of Charles Darwin’s radical new book On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) and the American Civil War (1861-1865) brought about a dramatic end to transcendentalism and the American Romanticism period that dominated the late 18th and early 19th Centuries. American intellectuals began to apply the knowledge gained from Origin of Species to more fields than just biology. This dynamic understanding (evolution) of life ushered in a period ofRead MoreThe Idea of Utilitarianism is Introdroduced to Britain with the Help of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species522 Words   |  3 Pagesto do with that person. During the Victorian age Charles Darwin published a work that opposed the conventional way of thinking about religion. The Origin of Species brought out the theory that man actually evolved from a lower species rather than having been created by a higher person in power, such as god etc. This idea of thinking had broug ht a dark cloud over many citizens during the Victorian age, some questioned their own religion. Darwin’s work was responsible for a huge cultural debate betweenRead MoreOn the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin1148 Words   |  5 PagesOn November 24th, 1859, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life by Charles Darwin (renamed On the Origin of Species 13 years later) was published in London, England. In it, Charles Darwin specified his observations and gave his insight on what he thought caused evolution. He called it natural selection. Before this, nearly everyone believed that a single God created every living organism that none of them had changedRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of The Creation Of Species1560 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 2 Mr. Johnson 2/16/15 Project Eagle Final Paper: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin has become Christianity’s greatest enemy with his theories of the creation of species and has caused people to turn their backs on faith and look to science to be their religion. The way in which Darwin describes the creation of species in The Origin of Species does not agree with how species are created in Christian teachings. Charles Darwin’s theories have impacted so many different aspects of life fromRead MoreCharles Darwin: Naturalist and Leader in Science1414 Words   |  6 Pages2005) to assess Charles Darwin’s influence as a non-positional leader. I will also show a historical analysis, including my reasons for choosing Darwin as my subject, his background, the success and failures of his influence, as well as his legacy. Finally, I will submit my vision of non-positional leadership and mechanisms for leaders to explore their non-positional roles. Charles Darwin’s influence uses some of Gardner’s â€Å"levers† or factors that are at work in the case of Darwin’s scientific theoriesRead MoreContradiction Between the Theory of Evolution and the Bible947 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Darwin was a British scientist who founded the theory of evolution and changed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 and lived during the Industrial Revolution. As a child, Darwin initially planned to become a doctor, but his plan terminated when he joined the five year expedition on the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, in 1831. In the expedition, Darwin developed a theory and published a book call The Origin of Species. This book was the beginning ofRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages When Charles Darwin wrote The Origin Of Species, there was controversy over his theory of evolution natural selection. Darwin’s theory was debated between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860. Wilberforce was against the idea that all living things descended from a common ancestor. He was highly critical of Darwin’s research, often arguing in his review that many points in Darwin’s theory did not have enough support to be valid. Read MoreCharles Darwin And Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1489 Words   |  6 Pagesto discover that this species has been completely altered. This outcome is a direct result of a ubiquitous phenomenon theorized by none other than Charles Darwin, a prestigious naturalist and biologist. This venerable man was able to unveil many revelations regarding variability through the development of his theory of natural selection (Darwin and Huxley xii). Having an inherent ador ation toward nature as a young child likely provided a significant incentive. Though Darwin’s thesis is not immaculateRead MoreCharles Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pageslisten to the theory’s of Charles Darwin. After time Darwin published a book On the Origin of Species, and it was a big success: it’s first printing sold out immediately and a second printing sold out a month later. Darwin’s Theories found their way out of the scientific world and into the business world, eventually ending up in everyday society. Darwin’s father kept the family tradition and became a doctor though he didn’t like his work, he expected his son Charles to take the same sacrifice

Greece Is Experiencing An Unprecedented Economical Crisis

Abstract The past years, Greece is experiencing an unprecedented economical crisis. There is a need for designing and implementing policies aiming to foster economic renewal. A clear need for policies promoting innovation based development has risen. This essay focuses on one of the pre-conditions for innovation based growth in the country of Greece. Priority is given, in the terms of the proper function of labour markets, on the problem of Greek brain drain, with emphasis in the potential effective innovation policies to reverse the current situation. Introduction The economic and financial crisis has hit the Greece hard, with the population being subjected to austerity measures in exchange for financial support from the EU, IMF and ECB. Those measures were drastic and paradigms changes were forced in all the sectors of economic and business life. However, these changes failed to detect the resolve the problem, resulting in even deeper crisis with the violent drop of the quality of life, sudden decline in social welfare and unemployment hitting very high numbers. In this context, it now described as the Greek brain drain, where young and talented Greeks are forced to leave the country and seek employment and a better life abroad. Crisis: Unemployment rates in Greece It is a fact that, despite the reluctant signs of recovery in Greek economy, unemployment rate remains at its highest levels since the beginning of the crisis (27, 2% May 2014).Also Greece has one of theShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesown that you think would be useful, we invite you to share them with your colleagues through this Web site. Of course, credit would be given to anyone who submits materials that are used. 1 Introduction Library and information centers are experiencing change in almost every area of responsibility and activity. The only constant in today’s library and information services organizations is change. Recognizing that change is inevitable, coping with its effects, and embracing its outcome are vital

Renaissance in Cinquecento Italy - 1313 Words

Chapter 22: Renaissance in Cinquecento Italy Exercises for Study: 1. Select one of the following pair of artworks and describe the differences you observe between them. Each pair consists of art of the Early Renaissance (Chapter 21) and that of the High and Late Renaissance (Chapter 22). Examine the composition, technique, position of the figures, and facial expressions, as well as any relevant elements of art and principals of design (see handout from September or Google â€Å"art elements and design principals†). ANDREA DEL VERROCCHIO, David 1465 – 1470 or DONATELLO, David, 1440–1460 VS. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501 – 1504 Interest in humanism and the rebirth of Classical, spur an interest in authentic Roman and Greek†¦show more content†¦Disegno, which means drawing, was the most important element in attempting to achieve perfection. Disengo was found not only in painting, but also in all areas of Florentine art. The importance of nature in Florentine resulted in the study of the natural world, anatomy, and movement. Artists would develop their concepts in detail on separate parchment paper and then transfer them. A work that represents disegno would be Leonardo Da Vinci, The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus. Leonardo used his technique of hatched shading and careful contours to create â€Å"careful contours to describe volume and movement in two artfully posed figures†(Sorabella 1). His drawings placed sensitivity on shading and the tones. In Venice, artists used the colorito, defined as color, to create work with a sense of life. The color palette used by Venetians was a slightly less vivid then Florentine palette, but the colors were layered and blended to achieve a glowing richness. Venetian artists gradually softened their coloring until their manner equaled nature. Venetians attempted to equal nature through the use of light and how light will affect the body. And unlike Florentine painting, compositions were placed directly on the canvas through colored brushstrokes. Titan’s Venus and Adonis, is a good example of how Venetian artists used color to recreate nature. Titan is able to create the mood through intense color andShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci : The Italian Renaissance Polymath1114 Words   |  5 Pages(1452-1517) was an Italian Renaissance Polymath: artist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, athlete, ideologist, writer, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, biologist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, poet, chemist, scientist, and philosopher. Leonardo had some close friends in his life, one of those people was Francesco Melzi (1491-1570). Melzi was Leonardo da Vinci’s pupil until Leonardo’s death. Melzi was born in Milan, Italy and died in Vaprio d Adda, Italy. Another of Leonardo’sRead MoreMcKay AP Euro Cornell Notes Ch 12 133584 Words   |  15 Pageswere due to rising expectations. d. The 1381 revolt in England was due to economic grievances, anti-aristocratic sentiment, and protest against taxes. e. King Richard II and his nobles tricked the peasants into ending the revolt. 2. Workers in Italy (the ciompi), Germany, and Spain also revolted. VI. Race and ethnicity on the frontiers A. Earlier (twelfth and thirteenth century) migrations led to peoples of different ethnic-racial background living side by side. 1. Race meant language

Federalist Paper #10 Analysis Free Essays

Federalist Paper #10 Essay In perhaps the greatest installment of the federalist papers, James Madison describes how factions, which work against the interest of the public, can be controlled through a constitutional government. Factions are defined by Madison as groups of people that gather together to promote their own economic interests and political opinions (gradesaver. com). We will write a custom essay sample on Federalist Paper #10 Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now These factions often work against each other, and infringe upon the rights of others. Most people are concerned with the instability that rival factions can cause. State governments have done little to aid in the disbanding of factions. The situation is so dire that, people are disillusioned with all the politicians and blame the government for their problems (gradesaver. com). According to Madison, factions are inevitable. As long as people share a common belief, they will come together and fight for what they think is right. The reason most people formed factions in the eighteenth century, though, was the distribution of property. Even today, property is divided unequally. Men with more talent or ability tend to possess more land than those who were less gifted. Subsequently, there are many different kinds of property. Men have different wants or needs depending on the type of property they own. For example, the interests of a landowner might be different than that of a businessman (gradesaver. com). It is the governments’ job to manage the conflicting interests of property owners, and to regulate discrepancies between those with and without property. To Madison, there are only two ways to keep factions in check. Remove their causes, and control their effects (gradesaver. com). Unfortunately, the only real ways to manage factions are to either make everyone have the same opinion, or throw away liberty. Destroying liberty would be worse than, â€Å"the disease itself†, and making everyone have the same opinion would be as impossible as trying to tell an atheist there really is a god. Therefore, it is in the nature of man to create groups or factions. That’s why the government created a constitution that could handle the damage caused by factions. The fathers of the U. S. constitution established themselves as a representative government for a reason. Pure or direct democracies cannot possibly control conflicts between factions (gradesaver. com). The biggest factions will always dominate, and there would be no way to protect the weaker ones against an obnoxious individual or strong majority (gradesaver. com). Pure democracies cannot protect property rights, and have always been defined by the conflict they cause. Madison hopes that good men will be elected into office so that those who govern the country will be fair and honest. The opposite is possible though. Some Men are members of particularly large factions who have prejudices or evil motives, and could influence the people of the United States through intrigue or corruption. Although this could happen, it is very unlikely. The likelihood that qualified men will stay in office is higher because the country is big, and there will be more representatives chosen by a greater number of citizens. A representative government is needed in larger countries to protect against the rule of a mob (gradesaver. com). In conclusion, Madison presents these arguments because he believes that the majority of people will not listen the, â€Å"prophets of gloom† who say the new government won’t succeed. Because we feel pride in being Americans, we should cherish and support the idea of being a federalist. How to cite Federalist Paper #10 Analysis, Essay examples

Federalist Paper #10 Analysis Free Essays

Federalist Paper #10 Essay In perhaps the greatest installment of the federalist papers, James Madison describes how factions, which work against the interest of the public, can be controlled through a constitutional government. Factions are defined by Madison as groups of people that gather together to promote their own economic interests and political opinions (gradesaver. com). We will write a custom essay sample on Federalist Paper #10 Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now These factions often work against each other, and infringe upon the rights of others. Most people are concerned with the instability that rival factions can cause. State governments have done little to aid in the disbanding of factions. The situation is so dire that, people are disillusioned with all the politicians and blame the government for their problems (gradesaver. com). According to Madison, factions are inevitable. As long as people share a common belief, they will come together and fight for what they think is right. The reason most people formed factions in the eighteenth century, though, was the distribution of property. Even today, property is divided unequally. Men with more talent or ability tend to possess more land than those who were less gifted. Subsequently, there are many different kinds of property. Men have different wants or needs depending on the type of property they own. For example, the interests of a landowner might be different than that of a businessman (gradesaver. com). It is the governments’ job to manage the conflicting interests of property owners, and to regulate discrepancies between those with and without property. To Madison, there are only two ways to keep factions in check. Remove their causes, and control their effects (gradesaver. com). Unfortunately, the only real ways to manage factions are to either make everyone have the same opinion, or throw away liberty. Destroying liberty would be worse than, â€Å"the disease itself†, and making everyone have the same opinion would be as impossible as trying to tell an atheist there really is a god. Therefore, it is in the nature of man to create groups or factions. That’s why the government created a constitution that could handle the damage caused by factions. The fathers of the U. S. constitution established themselves as a representative government for a reason. Pure or direct democracies cannot possibly control conflicts between factions (gradesaver. com). The biggest factions will always dominate, and there would be no way to protect the weaker ones against an obnoxious individual or strong majority (gradesaver. com). Pure democracies cannot protect property rights, and have always been defined by the conflict they cause. Madison hopes that good men will be elected into office so that those who govern the country will be fair and honest. The opposite is possible though. Some Men are members of particularly large factions who have prejudices or evil motives, and could influence the people of the United States through intrigue or corruption. Although this could happen, it is very unlikely. The likelihood that qualified men will stay in office is higher because the country is big, and there will be more representatives chosen by a greater number of citizens. A representative government is needed in larger countries to protect against the rule of a mob (gradesaver. com). In conclusion, Madison presents these arguments because he believes that the majority of people will not listen the, â€Å"prophets of gloom† who say the new government won’t succeed. Because we feel pride in being Americans, we should cherish and support the idea of being a federalist. How to cite Federalist Paper #10 Analysis, Essay examples